700000 people connected with European Royalty


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	Lucien Bonaparte and Alexandrine Von Bleschamps Husband Lucien Bonaparte ¹ Born: 21 Mar 1775 Christened: Died: 29 Jun 1840 Buried: Father: Carlo Bonaparte (1746-1785) ¹ Mother: Marie Letizia Ramolino (1750-1836) ¹ Marriage: 1802 Other Spouse: Katherina Boyer (1773-1800) ¹ - 4 May 1794 Wife Alexandrine Von Bleschamps ¹ Born: 18 Feb 1778 Christened: Died: 12 Jul 1855 Buried: Father: Karl Jacob Von Bleschamps (1778-1855) ¹ Mother: Children 1 M Charles Bonaparte ¹ Born: 24 May 1803 Christened: Died: 29 Jul 1857 Buried: Spouse: Zenaide Bonaparte (1801-1854) ¹ Marr: 29 Jul 1822 2 F Letitia Bonaparte ¹ Born: 1 Dec 1804 Christened: Died: 15 Mar 1871 Buried: Spouse: Thomas Wyse (1791-1862) ¹ Marr: 1821 3 M Joseph Bonaparte ¹ Born: 14 Jun 1806 Christened: Died: 15 Aug 1807 Buried: 4 F Johanna Bonaparte ¹ Born: 22 Jul 1807 Christened: Died: 1829 Buried: Spouse: Honoratus Onorati (1800-1856) ¹ Marr: 1828 5 M Paul Bonaparte ¹ Born: 1808 Christened: Died: 5 Dec 1827 Buried: 6 M Lucien Bonaparte ¹ Born: 4 Jan 1813 Christened: Died: 3 Nov 1891 Buried: Spouse: Marianne Cecchi (1812-1891) ¹ Marr: 4 Oct 1833 7 M Peter Napoleon Bonaparte ¹ Born: 11 Oct 1815 Christened: Died: 7 Apr 1881 Buried: Spouse: Justine Eleonore Ruflin (1832-1905) ¹ Marr: 2 Oct 1867 8 M Anton Bonaparte ¹ Born: 31 Oct 1816 Christened: Died: 28 Mar 1877 Buried: Spouse: Maria Anna Cardinali (1823-1879) ¹ Marr: 9 Jul 1839 9 F Marie Bonaparte ¹ Born: 12 Oct 1818 Christened: Died: 20 Aug 1874 Buried: Spouse: Vinzenz Valentini Count (1808-1858) ¹ Marr: 1836 10 F Constance Bonaparte ¹ Born: 30 Jan 1823 Christened: Died: 5 Sep 1876 Buried: General Notes (Husband) 1 UPDA 2 PLAC Prince of Canino. Lucien Bonaparte and Marianne Cecchi Husband Lucien Bonaparte ¹ Born: 4 Jan 1813 Christened: Died: 3 Nov 1891 Buried: Father: Lucien Bonaparte (1775-1840) ¹ Mother: Alexandrine Von Bleschamps (1778-1855) ¹ Marriage: 4 Oct 1833 Wife Marianne Cecchi ¹ Born: 27 Mar 1812 Christened: Died: 17 Mar 1891 Buried: George Oldenburg and Princess Maria Bonaparte Husband George Oldenburg ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ AKA: George Oldenburg Born: 24 Jun 1869 ³ ⁴ Christened: Died: 25 Nov 1957 ³ ⁴ ⁵ Buried: AFN: 1VG5-ZKG Father: King William George I Oldenburg Of The Greece & The Hellenes (1845-1913) ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ Mother: Queen Olga Constantinovna Romanov Of Greece (1851-1926) ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ Marriage: 12 Dec 1907 - Stammtafeln Says Married 12 Nov 1907. ³ Noted events in his life were: • Alt. Birth ⁵, , 1869 Wife Princess Maria Bonaparte ¹ ² ³ ⁴ Born: 1882 ³ ⁴ Christened: Died: 1962 ³ ⁴ Buried: Father: Prince Roland Bonaparte (1858-1924) ¹ ³ ⁴ Mother: Marie Blanc (1859-1882) ¹ Children 1 M Peter Oldenburg ¹ ² ³ Born: 3 Dec 1908 ³ Christened: Died: 1980 ³ Buried: Spouse: Irene Ovchinnikov (1904-1990) ¹ ² ³ ⁴ Marr: 1939 ³ 2 F Eugenia Oldenburg (details suppressed for this person) Born: Christened: Died: Buried: Spouse: Dominic Radziwill Prince (1911-1976) ¹ ² ³ ⁴ Marr: 1938 ³. (Divorced) 3 M Peter Of Greece ⁴ Born: 1908 ⁴ Christened: Died: 1980 ⁴ Buried: Spouse: Irene Ovchinnikov (1904-1990) ¹ ² ³ ⁴ Marr: 1939 ⁴ 4 F Eugenia Of Greece ⁴ Born: 1910 ⁴ Christened: Died: Buried: Spouse: Dominic Radziwill Prince (1911-1976) ¹ ² ³ ⁴ Marr: 1938 ⁴ Spouse: Raymund Prince Of Torre-Tasso Duke Of Castel (1907-1986) ⁴ Marr: 1949 ⁴ Marie Bonaparte Husband Born: Christened: Died: Buried: Marriage: Wife Marie Bonaparte ¹ Born: 18 Mar 1835 Christened: Died: Buried: Father: Charles Bonaparte (1803-1857) ¹ Mother: Zenaide Bonaparte (1801-1854) ¹ Vinzenz Valentini Count and Marie Bonaparte Husband Vinzenz Valentini Count ¹ Born: 8 Apr 1808 Christened: Died: 13 Jul 1858 Buried: Marriage: 1836 Wife Marie Bonaparte ¹ Born: 12 Oct 1818 Christened: Died: 20 Aug 1874 Buried: Father: Lucien Bonaparte (1775-1840) ¹ Mother: Alexandrine Von Bleschamps (1778-1855) ¹ Marie Pauline Bonaparte Husband Born: Christened: Died: Buried: Marriage: Wife Marie Pauline Bonaparte ¹ Born: 14 Jul 1771 Christened: Died: Dec 1776 Buried: Father: Carlo Bonaparte (1746-1785) ¹ Mother: Marie Letizia Ramolino (1750-1836) ¹ Anatole Demidoff and Mathilde Laetitia Wilhelmina Bonaparte Husband Anatole Demidoff Born: 1812 Christened: Died: 1870 Buried: Father: Nicholas N. Demidoff (1773-1828) Mother: Elisabeth Alexandrovna Stroganoff (1779-1818) Marriage: Wife Mathilde Laetitia Wilhelmina Bonaparte ¹ ² Born: 27 May 1820 Christened: Died: 1904 Buried: Father: Jerôme (Hieronymus) Bonaparte (1784-1860) ¹ ² Mother: Friederike Katharine Sophie Dorothea Westphalia (1783-1835) ¹ ² ⁴ Napoleon Bonaparte Husband Napoleon Bonaparte ¹ Born: 5 Feb 1839 Christened: Died: Buried: Father: Charles Bonaparte (1803-1857) ¹ Mother: Zenaide Bonaparte (1801-1854) ¹ Marriage: Wife Born: Christened: Died: Buried: Napoleon Bonaparte Husband Napoleon Bonaparte ¹ Born: 11 Oct 1802 Christened: Died: 5 May 1807 Buried: Father: Louis Bonaparte King Of Holland (1778-1846) ¹ Mother: Hortense De Beauharnais (1783-1837) ¹ Marriage: Wife Born: Christened: Died: Buried: Napoleon 11 Francis Bonaparte Duke Husband Napoleon 11 Francis Bonaparte Duke ¹ ² Born: 20 Mar 1811 Christened: Died: 22 Jul 1832 Buried: Father: Napoleon I Bonaparte (1769-1821) ¹ ² Mother: Marie Louise Habsburg-Lotharingen Archduchess (1791-1847) ¹ ² ⁴ ⁵ Marriage: Wife Born: Christened: Died: Buried: General Notes (Husband) 1 UPDA 2 PLAC King of Rome Emperor of France NAPOLEON II (1811-1832), Duke of Reichstadt, pronounced RYKE shtaht, was the son of Emperor Napoleon I of France and his second wife, Marie Louise of Austria. Napoleon I had long hoped for a son to inherit his empire, and he gave his newborn son the title of king of Rome. When Napoleon I was overthrown in 1814, he gave up the throne in favor of his young son. But the French Senate did not recognize Napoleon II as emperor, and Louis XVIII, a member of the Bourbon royal family, became king of France that year. Marie Louise then took her son to live at the court of her father, Emperor Francis I of Austria. After Napoleon I was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, he again proclaimed his son emperor of France. However, the French refused to give the young boy the throne, and he remained in Austria. His mother's family gave him the title of Duke of Reichstadt in 1818. Napoleon II was never strong, and he grew into a tall, slender youth. He died of tuberculosis at the age of 21 and was buried in the Habsburg (or Hapsburg) family's church tomb in Vienna. In 1940, Adolf Hitler, dictator of Germany, had the body placed near that of Napoleon I in the Eglise du Dome (Church of the Dome) at the Hotel des Invalides (Home for Disabled Soldiers) in Paris. Napoleon II was born in Paris. Napoleon I Bonaparte and Joséphine De Tascher De La Pagerie Husband Napoleon I Bonaparte ¹ ² Born: 15 Aug 1769 - Ajaccio, Corsica Christened: Died: 5 May 1821 - Longwood, St Helena Buried: 1840 - Eglise Du Dome Paris (Reburied) Father: Carlo Bonaparte (1746-1785) ¹ Mother: Marie Letizia Ramolino (1750-1836) ¹ Marriage: 8 Mar 1796 Other Spouse: Marie Louise Habsburg-Lotharingen Archduchess (1791-1847) ¹ ² ⁴ ⁵ - 2 Apr 1810 - The Louvre Wife Joséphine De Tascher De La Pagerie ¹ ⁴ Born: 23 Jun 1763 - Martinique In The West Indies ⁴ Christened: Died: 29 May 1814 Buried: Other Spouse: Alexandre De Beauharnais Vicomte (Abt 1755-1794) ¹ ⁴ - 13 Jun 1779 General Notes (Husband) 1 NAME Bonaparte // 1 UPDA 2 DATE 1799 2 PLAC Acceded: NAPOLEON I (1769-1821), also known as Napoleon Bonaparte, crowned himself emperor of France. He was the greatest military genius of his time and perhaps the greatest general in history. He created an empire that covered most of western and central Europe. Napoleon was also an excellent administrator. He introduced many useful reforms, including the creation of a strong, efficient central government and the revision and organization of French laws into collections called codes. Many of Napoleon's reforms are evident today in the institutions of France and of areas once under French control. Napoleon stood 5 feet 2 inches (157 centimeters) tall, about average for Frenchmen of his time, though most French generals and statesmen were taller. He earned the nickname le Petit Caporal (the little corporal) in 1796 at the Battle of Lodi, near Milan, Italy. In the battle, General Bonaparte startled his troops by personally aiming the cannon, a risky job usually performed by a corporal. Napoleon was an inspirational and dramatic leader. He could also be cynical and demanding, though this side of his character was usually hidden from the public. In addition, Napoleon had great energy and ambition. He personally directed complex military maneuvers and at the same time controlled France's press, police system, foreign policy, and domestic affairs. He chose capable subordinates and rewarded them generously with medals, wealth, military rank, and titles of nobility. Napoleon's ambition ultimately led him to overextend his power. His downfall also resulted in part from feelings of nationalism in areas invaded by French troops and from economic hardship brought on by Napoleon's attempts to exclude British goods from continental Europe. Other factors that contributed to his downfall included bitter reaction to the taxes and conscription (the draft) that he imposed across his empire and opposition to Napoleon of many of Europe's royal rulers. Boyhood. Napoleon was born on Aug. 15, 1769, in Ajaccio, on the island of Corsica in the Mediterranean Sea. The year before his birth, France had bought Corsica from the Italian city-state of Genoa. Napoleon was the fourth child and second son of Carlo and Letizia Ramolino Buonaparte (later given the French spelling Bonaparte). Napoleon's parents were members of noble Italian families. Carlo Buonaparte was an eloquent lawyer and a prominent citizen of Corsica. Napoleon's mother was beautiful and strong-willed. In 1779, at the age of 9, Napoleon entered a French military school at Brienne-le-Chateau, a town in France near Troyes. Napoleon was an average student in most subjects, but he excelled in mathematics. In 1784, he was selected for the elite military academy Ecole Militaire in Paris, from which he graduated a year later. Early Military Career. In January 1785, at the age of 16, Napoleon received a commission in the French Army, as a second lieutenant of artillery. He joined an artillery regiment and briefly attended the royal artillery school in Auxonne, near Dole. He was promoted to first lieutenant in 1791 and to captain in 1792. The French Revolution broke out in 1789 (see FRENCH REVOLUTION). During the early 1790's, Napoleon spent many months in Corsica on leave from the French Army. While there, he served in the Corsican National Guard. In France, however, he had joined a radical political society known as the Jacobins. Many Jacobins wanted to make France a democratic republic. Napoleon's membership in the society brought him into conflict with the governor of Corsica, Pasquale Paoli, who was a royalist (supporter of the French monarchy). After the revolutionary French government executed King Louis XVI in January 1793, Paoli declared the Bonapartes outlaws, and the family fled to France. Napoleon then returned to the French Army. In June 1793, a group of Jacobins led by Maximilien Robespierre gained control of the French government (see ROBESPIERRE). Several French cities revolted against Robespierre's regime. At Toulon, the rebels were aided by a British naval fleet. When the French artillery commander at Toulon was wounded, Napoleon was sent to take his place. In December 1793, Napoleon positioned the artillery on high ground overlooking the harbor at Toulon and fired down on the British ships. The fleet withdrew and French troops gained control of Toulon. For his role in the victory, Napoleon was named brigadier general at the age of 24. Napoleon's star had risen, but soon seemed about to set. In July 1794, Robespierre fell from power and was executed. In August, Napoleon was imprisoned for about a week. After his release, he returned to the army. The "Whiff of Grapeshot." In 1795, Napoleon was in Paris when angry mobs there tried to attack the ruling National Convention at the royal palace called the Tuileries. The mobs had been encouraged by royalists who hoped to destroy the convention before it could install a new moderate government. The convention was protected by troops under Vicomte Paul de Barras. Barras had seen Napoleon in action at Toulon and now sent for him. Napoleon defended the palace with point-blank cannon fire. This cannon fire, which became known as the "whiff of grapeshot," killed or wounded hundreds of people and quickly cleared the streets. Napoleon was hailed as a hero and promoted to major general. The new government, called the Directory, was installed with Barras as one of its five directors. Marriage. In 1796, Napoleon married Josephine de Beauharnais, a beautiful woman of French descent from Martinique in the West Indies. Josephine's first husband, Vicomte Alexandre de Beauharnais, had been sent to the guillotine during the Reign of Terror (see FRENCH REVOLUTION [Terror and Equality]). When Napoleon met her, Josephine was a leader of fashionable French society. She was six years older than Napoleon, and had two children by her previous marriage. Rise to Power Victories in Italy. From 1792 to 1795, France had been at war with much of Europe. By 1796, Austria had become France's chief enemy. Days after marrying Josephine, Napoleon left Paris to take command of a French army on the Italian-French border--an underfed, ill-equipped force of about 38,000 men. The Directory hoped that he could tie up Austrian forces in Italy while larger French armies won the war by marching through Germany and attacking Vienna, Austria's capital. Instead, Napoleon won the war. In less than a year, he defeated four armies, each larger than his own. He won a final victory by marching over the Alps and threatening Vienna in early 1797. In October, France and Austria signed the Treaty of Campoformio, which enlarged France's territory. Napoleon returned to Paris, where once again he was hailed as a hero. Military Strategy. Napoleon had by now developed a highly successful military strategy that was to form the basis of his future campaigns. He would start a battle while holding back as large a reserve as possible. He would then seek the weakest point in the enemy's lines and throw all his strength against that point at the decisive moment. Napoleon had an extraordinary ability to recognize the best time to attack. Egypt Invaded. When Napoleon returned to Paris after defeating Austria, he already had political ambitions. However, he felt that he did not yet have enough influence to gain control of the government. Instead, he concentrated on strengthening his military reputation. Late in 1797, the Directory offered to put Napoleon at the head of an invasion of England. But he declined the offer. Instead, he proposed that he invade Egypt to destroy British trade with the Middle East. The Directory agreed to the plan. In May 1798, Napoleon sailed for Egypt with about 38,000 men. Napoleon reached Egypt in July. There, he defeated the Mamelukes, Egypt's military rulers, in the Battle of the Pyramids near Cairo (see MAMELUKES). On August 1, however, the French fleet anchored in Abu Qir Bay was destroyed in the Battle of the Nile by a British fleet commanded by Lord Horatio Nelson. As a result, Napoleon's army was stranded in Egypt. Turkey then formed an alliance with Great Britain and Russia and declared war on France. In 1799, Napoleon's troops invaded Turkish Syria and advanced as far as the fortress Acre (now Akko, Israel), which Napoleon failed to capture. Meanwhile, Napoleon learned that a Turkish army was preparing to invade Egypt. He retreated to Egypt, where he met and defeated the Turks at Abu Qir, near Abu Qir Bay. About this time, Napoleon learned that Austria, Britain, and Russia had formed a coalition against France and had defeated the French army in Italy. He left his army in the command of General Jean Kleber and sailed for France. First Consul of France News of Napoleon's victory at Abu Qir arrived with him in Paris. The French people, who had lost confidence in the Directory, cheered the return of the young hero. Napoleon formed key political alliances and seized control of the French government on Nov. 9, 1799, in a bold move known as the Coup d'Etat of Eighteenth Brumaire. A new constitution overwhelmingly approved by the French people replaced the Directory with a three-member Consulate. Napoleon became first consul. The other two consuls served merely as advisers to Napoleon. After 10 years of revolution and civil disorder, the French wanted a strong leader. Napoleon could now rule France as a dictator. Peacemaking. As first consul, Napoleon sought peace. In May 1800, he led a famous march across the Alps, through the Great St. Bernard Pass and into the Po Valley of northern Italy. In June, his army surprised and defeated the Austrians in the Battle of Marengo. In 1801, the Austrians signed the Treaty of Luneville, which reaffirmed the Treaty of Campoformio. With Austria defeated, the war-weary British agreed to peace in 1802 in the Treaty of Amiens. Russia had dropped out of the coalition against France in 1799. For the first time in 10 years, Europe was at peace. Administrator and Lawmaker. Napoleon proved to be a superb civil administrator. One of his greatest achievements was his supervision of the revision and collection of French law into codes. The new law codes--seven in number--incorporated some of the freedoms gained by the people of France during the French Revolution, including religious toleration and the abolition of serfdom. The most famous of the codes, the Code Napoleon or Code Civil, still forms the basis of French civil law (see CODE NAPOLEON). Napoleon also centralized France's government by appointing prefects to administer regions called departments, into which France was divided. The Napoleonic Empire French Aggression. Napoleon was not content simply to govern France. His thoughts soon turned to conquest. At first, he sought to extend French influence in the Western Hemisphere. In 1800, Napoleon forced Spain to cede to France the Louisiana Territory in North America. But the army that he sent to take possession of the territory was destroyed in the French colony of Haiti by a slave revolt and by tropical disease. Frustrated, Napoleon abandoned his plans for the Western Hemisphere and turned his attention to Europe. By 1803, France had annexed the Piedmont region of northwestern Italy and Napoleon had become president of the Italian Republic, which bordered Piedmont on the east. Also, fearful of Britain's naval power, Napoleon had tried to stop British trade with the rest of Europe. He anticipated war with Britain and in 1803 sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States to raise money for the war. War with Britain began later that year. Crowned Emperor. In 1802, the French people had overwhelmingly approved a constitutional amendment that made Napoleon first consul for life. In May 1804, the French Senate and people voted him their emperor. Napoleon crowned himself emperor on December 2 in ceremonies at the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris. Dominates Europe. By 1805, Austria, Russia, and Sweden had joined Britain in a new coalition against France. In September 1805, Napoleon led his troops into Germany. In October, he captured an Austrian army at Ulm. In December, he demolished the Austrian and Russian armies at Austerlitz. But earlier that year Lord Nelson had destroyed the fleets of France and Spain, France's ally, near Trafalgar, a cape on Spain's southern coast. This victory gave Britain control of the seas and ended any chance of Napoleon's invading Britain. In 1806, Prussia joined Russia in mounting a new campaign against France. In October, Napoleon's forces overwhelmed the Prussian army at Jena and at nearby Auerstedt. In June 1807, Napoleon demolished Russian armies at Friedland. In 1809, he defeated the Austrians again at Wagram, near Vienna. After each victory, Napoleon enlarged his empire. In 1806, he set up the Confederation of the Rhine, made up of a number of western German states, and placed it under his protection. He also carved provinces of Germany and Italy into principalities and dukedoms, and gave them to friends and relatives. In 1806, he made his brother Joseph king of Naples, and his brother Louis king of Holland. In 1807, Napoleon made his brother Jerome king of Westphalia and added to France the Grand Duchy of Warsaw. In 1809, he gave his sister Elisa the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and annexed to France the Illyrian Provinces, which covered much of what are now Slovenia and Croatia. In 1810, he brought his empire to its height by annexing Holland and much of Germany. Divorce and Remarriage. By 1809, Napoleon had grown concerned about what would become of his vast empire after his death. Josephine, who was now 46 years old, had no children by him, and Napoleon had no heirs. In December, he divorced Josephine to marry a younger woman. In April 1810, he married the 18-year-old Archduchess Marie Louise, daughter of Emperor Francis I of Austria. In 1811, the couple had a son, also named Napoleon, who was given the title king of Rome. Fall From Power In 1806, Napoleon had issued the Berlin Decree, which barred British ships from ports under French control. The decree was aimed at destroying British trade with continental Europe. In 1807, Napoleon issued the Milan Decree, which was intended to prevent the ships of neutral nations from carrying British goods to continental Europe. Such ships were attacked by French vessels. The system established by the Berlin and Milan decrees for blocking British trade was known as the Continental System. Portugal, which had long been friendly with Great Britain, refused to follow the Berlin Decree. In 1807, the French gained control of Portugal and occupied parts of Spain. In 1808, French forces under Marshal Joachim Murat seized control of Madrid, Spain's capital. Napoleon removed King Ferdinand VII from the Spanish throne and appointed his brother Joseph king of Spain. Murat took Joseph's place as king of Naples. The Peninsular War began in 1808 when Spanish and Portuguese forces rebelled against French rule. Soon after the war began, British troops joined the fight against France on the peninsula that consisted of Portugal and Spain. By April 1814, all French forces had been driven from the peninsula. Tens of thousands of French soldiers died in the war, and the loss of Spain and Portugal greatly damaged Napoleon's prestige. Disaster in Russia. On Dec. 31, 1810, Czar Alexander I of Russia withdrew from the Continental System. Napoleon felt that the czar's withdrawal threatened France, and so he assembled a new army to attack Russia. Many years of war had weakened France, but Napoleon raised about 600,000 men. His allies and subject nations furnished by conscription many of these soldiers. The Russian army had about 200,000 men. In June 1812, Napoleon's army crossed the Neman River into Russia. The Russians retreated, denying Napoleon a decisive battle. In September, Napoleon fought the Russians at Borodino, near Moscow. The battle resulted in many casualties on both sides, but produced no clear winner. Again, the Russians withdrew. Napoleon pushed on to Moscow only to find the city nearly empty of people. Soon after the French army entered Moscow, large parts of the city were destroyed by fires that had been set by the retreating Russians. With the bitter Russian winter approaching, Napoleon waited in Moscow for Alexander to offer peace, but no such offer came. In mid-October, Napoleon, unable to supply his troops, began the long retreat from Moscow. His soldiers struggled against snowstorms and freezing temperatures. Soldiers and horses died of starvation and exposure. Russian soldiers called Cossacks killed many of the stragglers. Of the 600,000 men in Napoleon's army, about 500,000 died, deserted, or were captured during the campaign and the retreat from Russia. After he returned to Paris, Napoleon admitted the disaster in his famous 29th Bulletin. The French continued to support him, but news of the devastating campaign encouraged his enemies throughout Europe. The Enemy Alliance. After his return from Moscow, Napoleon faced a hostile alliance of Austria, Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Sweden. In April 1813, Napoleon arrived in Germany with a new army and took the offensive against the allies. He won initial victories at Lutzen, Bautzen, and Dresden, but his forces were vastly outnumbered. In October, the two sides fought at Leipzig in the Battle of the Nations. In the battle, Napoleon was defeated, and he retreated into France. The allies pursued him and captured Paris in March 1814. Exile to Elba. At Fontainebleau on April 11, 1814, Napoleon abdicated (gave up) the imperial throne. The allies called for the return of a king of the Bourbon family and placed Louis XVIII, the brother of Louis XVI, on the French throne (see LOUIS XVIII). Napoleon was exiled from France and made ruler of the tiny island of Elba off the northwest coast of Italy. His wife and son were sent to his wife's father, the emperor of Austria. Napoleon never saw his wife or son again. On Elba, Napoleon planned his return to France. In February 1815, he sailed from the island with about 1,100 followers who had shared his exile. He landed at Cannes on March 1 and began marching to Paris, gathering supporters along the way. Troops led by Marshal Michel Ney were dispatched from Paris to arrest Napoleon. But when they saw their old leader, the men gladly joined him and hailed him as their emperor. Louis XVIII fled Paris as Napoleon approached. On March 20, Napoleon entered Paris and was carried on the shoulders of cheering crowds into the Tuileries. The Hundred Days and Waterloo. Napoleon immediately proclaimed a new constitution that limited his powers. He promised the allies that he would not make war. But the allied leaders considered Napoleon an "enemy and disturber of the peace of the world." Once again, both sides prepared for battle. Napoleon advanced into Belgium with about 125,000 men, hoping to defeat the separate armies of Britain's Duke of Wellington and the Prussian Marshal Gebhard von Blucher. On June 16, Napoleon defeated Blucher at Ligny, near Fleurus. On June 18, Napoleon attacked Wellington at Waterloo in what has become one of history's most famous battles. The battle featured spectacular charges by thousands of French cavalry. But just as it seemed the British forces would collapse, Blucher's troops arrived to reinforce Wellington. Badly outnumbered, the French army suffered a crushing defeat. Napoleon fled to Paris and abdicated for the second time, on June 22. The period from Napoleon's return to Paris from Elba to his second abdication is known as the Hundred Days. Napoleon tried to escape to the United States, but he failed and surrendered at Rochefort to Frederick Lewis Maitland, the captain of the British battleship Bellerophon. In August, Napoleon was sent to the barren British island of St. Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean. On St. Helena, Napoleon spent much of his remaining years dictating to friends his version of the events that occurred during his lifetime. He died of cancer on May 5, 1821, and was buried on the island. In his will, Napoleon had asked to be buried "on the banks of the Seine, among the French people I have loved so much." In 1840, the British and French governments cooperated in bringing his remains to Paris. There, at the Eglise du Dome (Church of the Dome), which is part of the Hotel des Invalides (Home for Disabled Soldiers), the body of Napoleon was laid to rest. Napoleon's Place in History Napoleon is both a historical figure and a legend--and it is sometimes difficult to separate the two. The events of his life have fired the imaginations of great writers, filmmakers, and playwrights whose works have done much to create the Napoleonic legend. Napoleon was one of the greatest military commanders in history. But he has also been portrayed as a power-hungry conqueror. Napoleon denied being such a conqueror. He argued that, instead, he had attempted to build a federation of free peoples in a Europe united under a liberal government. But if this was his goal, there is no doubt that he intended to achieve it by concentrating power in his own hands. However, in the states he created, Napoleon granted constitutions, introduced law codes, abolished feudalism, created efficient governments, and fostered education, science, literature, and the arts. General Notes (Wife) 1 NAME de /Beauharnais/ 1 UPDA 2 DATE 1804 2 PLAC Acceded: JOSEPHINE (1763-1814) was the beloved wife of Napoleon Bonaparte, one of French history's most important figures. She was the daughter of a French planter in Martinique, in the West Indies. She married Vicomte Alexandre de Beauharnais when she was about 17. They had a son, Eugene, and a daughter, Hortense. The vicomte was one of the last victims of the Reign of Terror of the French Revolution. Josephine was in prison for a time and narrowly escaped being guillotined. Josephine soon became friendly with Vicomte de Barras, a government leader. Through his influence, she got back some of her husband's property, and she became a leader in Paris society. It was at Barras' home that Josephine met Napoleon. He immediately fell in love with her, and they were married in 1796. Her Marriage. Josephine was a beautiful woman. She was graceful and stately in her public appearances, which made her an asset to Napoleon in his climb to power. But her marriage to Napoleon made her a subject of gossip. It was often reported that she had love affairs while Napoleon was absent during his military campaigns. Such reports frequently reached Napoleon and made him angry. Josephine was also an intelligent woman and may have given Napoleon much advice. Napoleon and Josephine had no children. By 1809, Napoleon was afraid that he might die without a son, and that his empire would crumble. He finally decided he would have to divorce Josephine. He told her of his decision, as gently as he could. She promised never to doubt his love. She retired with imperial honors to Malmaison, the small estate near Paris which Napoleon had bought for her. Her Last Years. Napoleon married Marie Louise of Austria in 1810. A year later, a son was born to them (see MARIE LOUISE; NAPOLEON II). Josephine heard the cannon shots announcing the birth, and Napoleon sent her a special message. He once brought his son to Malmaison, without Marie Louise's knowledge. Josephine had begged to see him. Marie Louise was not allowed to go with Napoleon to exile at Elba. Josephine wrote a letter to Napoleon and asked permission to join him. He was forced to write back that it was impossible. But before his letter arrived, Josephine had died. Napoleon I Bonaparte and Marie Louise Habsburg-Lotharingen Archduchess Husband Napoleon I Bonaparte ¹ ² Born: 15 Aug 1769 - Ajaccio, Corsica Christened: Died: 5 May 1821 - Longwood, St Helena Buried: 1840 - Eglise Du Dome Paris (Reburied) Father: Carlo Bonaparte (1746-1785) ¹ Mother: Marie Letizia Ramolino (1750-1836) ¹ Marriage: 2 Apr 1810 - The Louvre Other Spouse: Joséphine De Tascher De La Pagerie (1763-1814) ¹ ⁴ - 8 Mar 1796 Wife Marie Louise Habsburg-Lotharingen Archduchess ¹ ² ⁴ ⁵ Born: 12 Dec 1791 - Vienna, Austria ⁴ ⁵ Christened: Died: 17 Dec 1847 - Vienna, Austria ⁴ ⁵ Buried: - Kirche Von Der C, Wien, Wien, Austria ⁴ ⁵ AFN: 8D5W-41 Father: Emperor Francis II Habsburg-Lotharingen Of Austria (1768-1835) ¹ ² ⁴ ⁵ Mother: Princess Maria Theresa Of Two Sicilies (1772-1807) ¹ ² ⁴ ⁵ Other Spouse: Napoleon Emperor France ( - ) ⁴ - 1 Apr 1810 ⁴ Other Spouse: Adam Adalbert Adrian Neipperg ( - ) ⁴ - 7 Sep 1821 - Chateau DE Sala, Parma, Parma, Italy ⁴ Other Spouse: Charles Rene Count Of Bombelles ( - ) ⁴ - 17 Feb 1834 ⁴ Children 1 M Napoleon 11 Francis Bonaparte Duke ¹ ² Born: 20 Mar 1811 Christened: Died: 22 Jul 1832 Buried: 2 M Léon Bonaparte Count (details suppressed for this person) Born: Christened: Died: Buried: General Notes (Husband) 1 NAME Bonaparte // 1 UPDA 2 DATE 1799 2 PLAC Acceded: NAPOLEON I (1769-1821), also known as Napoleon Bonaparte, crowned himself emperor of France. He was the greatest military genius of his time and perhaps the greatest general in history. He created an empire that covered most of western and central Europe. Napoleon was also an excellent administrator. He introduced many useful reforms, including the creation of a strong, efficient central government and the revision and organization of French laws into collections called codes. Many of Napoleon's reforms are evident today in the institutions of France and of areas once under French control. Napoleon stood 5 feet 2 inches (157 centimeters) tall, about average for Frenchmen of his time, though most French generals and statesmen were taller. He earned the nickname le Petit Caporal (the little corporal) in 1796 at the Battle of Lodi, near Milan, Italy. In the battle, General Bonaparte startled his troops by personally aiming the cannon, a risky job usually performed by a corporal. Napoleon was an inspirational and dramatic leader. He could also be cynical and demanding, though this side of his character was usually hidden from the public. In addition, Napoleon had great energy and ambition. He personally directed complex military maneuvers and at the same time controlled France's press, police system, foreign policy, and domestic affairs. He chose capable subordinates and rewarded them generously with medals, wealth, military rank, and titles of nobility. Napoleon's ambition ultimately led him to overextend his power. His downfall also resulted in part from feelings of nationalism in areas invaded by French troops and from economic hardship brought on by Napoleon's attempts to exclude British goods from continental Europe. Other factors that contributed to his downfall included bitter reaction to the taxes and conscription (the draft) that he imposed across his empire and opposition to Napoleon of many of Europe's royal rulers. Boyhood. Napoleon was born on Aug. 15, 1769, in Ajaccio, on the island of Corsica in the Mediterranean Sea. The year before his birth, France had bought Corsica from the Italian city-state of Genoa. Napoleon was the fourth child and second son of Carlo and Letizia Ramolino Buonaparte (later given the French spelling Bonaparte). Napoleon's parents were members of noble Italian families. Carlo Buonaparte was an eloquent lawyer and a prominent citizen of Corsica. Napoleon's mother was beautiful and strong-willed. In 1779, at the age of 9, Napoleon entered a French military school at Brienne-le-Chateau, a town in France near Troyes. Napoleon was an average student in most subjects, but he excelled in mathematics. In 1784, he was selected for the elite military academy Ecole Militaire in Paris, from which he graduated a year later. Early Military Career. In January 1785, at the age of 16, Napoleon received a commission in the French Army, as a second lieutenant of artillery. He joined an artillery regiment and briefly attended the royal artillery school in Auxonne, near Dole. He was promoted to first lieutenant in 1791 and to captain in 1792. The French Revolution broke out in 1789 (see FRENCH REVOLUTION). During the early 1790's, Napoleon spent many months in Corsica on leave from the French Army. While there, he served in the Corsican National Guard. In France, however, he had joined a radical political society known as the Jacobins. Many Jacobins wanted to make France a democratic republic. Napoleon's membership in the society brought him into conflict with the governor of Corsica, Pasquale Paoli, who was a royalist (supporter of the French monarchy). After the revolutionary French government executed King Louis XVI in January 1793, Paoli declared the Bonapartes outlaws, and the family fled to France. Napoleon then returned to the French Army. In June 1793, a group of Jacobins led by Maximilien Robespierre gained control of the French government (see ROBESPIERRE). Several French cities revolted against Robespierre's regime. At Toulon, the rebels were aided by a British naval fleet. When the French artillery commander at Toulon was wounded, Napoleon was sent to take his place. In December 1793, Napoleon positioned the artillery on high ground overlooking the harbor at Toulon and fired down on the British ships. The fleet withdrew and French troops gained control of Toulon. For his role in the victory, Napoleon was named brigadier general at the age of 24. Napoleon's star had risen, but soon seemed about to set. In July 1794, Robespierre fell from power and was executed. In August, Napoleon was imprisoned for about a week. After his release, he returned to the army. The "Whiff of Grapeshot." In 1795, Napoleon was in Paris when angry mobs there tried to attack the ruling National Convention at the royal palace called the Tuileries. The mobs had been encouraged by royalists who hoped to destroy the convention before it could install a new moderate government. The convention was protected by troops under Vicomte Paul de Barras. Barras had seen Napoleon in action at Toulon and now sent for him. Napoleon defended the palace with point-blank cannon fire. This cannon fire, which became known as the "whiff of grapeshot," killed or wounded hundreds of people and quickly cleared the streets. Napoleon was hailed as a hero and promoted to major general. The new government, called the Directory, was installed with Barras as one of its five directors. Marriage. In 1796, Napoleon married Josephine de Beauharnais, a beautiful woman of French descent from Martinique in the West Indies. Josephine's first husband, Vicomte Alexandre de Beauharnais, had been sent to the guillotine during the Reign of Terror (see FRENCH REVOLUTION [Terror and Equality]). When Napoleon met her, Josephine was a leader of fashionable French society. She was six years older than Napoleon, and had two children by her previous marriage. Rise to Power Victories in Italy. From 1792 to 1795, France had been at war with much of Europe. By 1796, Austria had become France's chief enemy. Days after marrying Josephine, Napoleon left Paris to take command of a French army on the Italian-French border--an underfed, ill-equipped force of about 38,000 men. The Directory hoped that he could tie up Austrian forces in Italy while larger French armies won the war by marching through Germany and attacking Vienna, Austria's capital. Instead, Napoleon won the war. In less than a year, he defeated four armies, each larger than his own. He won a final victory by marching over the Alps and threatening Vienna in early 1797. In October, France and Austria signed the Treaty of Campoformio, which enlarged France's territory. Napoleon returned to Paris, where once again he was hailed as a hero. Military Strategy. Napoleon had by now developed a highly successful military strategy that was to form the basis of his future campaigns. He would start a battle while holding back as large a reserve as possible. He would then seek the weakest point in the enemy's lines and throw all his strength against that point at the decisive moment. Napoleon had an extraordinary ability to recognize the best time to attack. Egypt Invaded. When Napoleon returned to Paris after defeating Austria, he already had political ambitions. However, he felt that he did not yet have enough influence to gain control of the government. Instead, he concentrated on strengthening his military reputation. Late in 1797, the Directory offered to put Napoleon at the head of an invasion of England. But he declined the offer. Instead, he proposed that he invade Egypt to destroy British trade with the Middle East. The Directory agreed to the plan. In May 1798, Napoleon sailed for Egypt with about 38,000 men. Napoleon reached Egypt in July. There, he defeated the Mamelukes, Egypt's military rulers, in the Battle of the Pyramids near Cairo (see MAMELUKES). On August 1, however, the French fleet anchored in Abu Qir Bay was destroyed in the Battle of the Nile by a British fleet commanded by Lord Horatio Nelson. As a result, Napoleon's army was stranded in Egypt. Turkey then formed an alliance with Great Britain and Russia and declared war on France. In 1799, Napoleon's troops invaded Turkish Syria and advanced as far as the fortress Acre (now Akko, Israel), which Napoleon failed to capture. Meanwhile, Napoleon learned that a Turkish army was preparing to invade Egypt. He retreated to Egypt, where he met and defeated the Turks at Abu Qir, near Abu Qir Bay. About this time, Napoleon learned that Austria, Britain, and Russia had formed a coalition against France and had defeated the French army in Italy. He left his army in the command of General Jean Kleber and sailed for France. First Consul of France News of Napoleon's victory at Abu Qir arrived with him in Paris. The French people, who had lost confidence in the Directory, cheered the return of the young hero. Napoleon formed key political alliances and seized control of the French government on Nov. 9, 1799, in a bold move known as the Coup d'Etat of Eighteenth Brumaire. A new constitution overwhelmingly approved by the French people replaced the Directory with a three-member Consulate. Napoleon became first consul. The other two consuls served merely as advisers to Napoleon. After 10 years of revolution and civil disorder, the French wanted a strong leader. Napoleon could now rule France as a dictator. Peacemaking. As first consul, Napoleon sought peace. In May 1800, he led a famous march across the Alps, through the Great St. Bernard Pass and into the Po Valley of northern Italy. In June, his army surprised and defeated the Austrians in the Battle of Marengo. In 1801, the Austrians signed the Treaty of Luneville, which reaffirmed the Treaty of Campoformio. With Austria defeated, the war-weary British agreed to peace in 1802 in the Treaty of Amiens. Russia had dropped out of the coalition against France in 1799. For the first time in 10 years, Europe was at peace. Administrator and Lawmaker. Napoleon proved to be a superb civil administrator. One of his greatest achievements was his supervision of the revision and collection of French law into codes. The new law codes--seven in number--incorporated some of the freedoms gained by the people of France during the French Revolution, including religious toleration and the abolition of serfdom. The most famous of the codes, the Code Napoleon or Code Civil, still forms the basis of French civil law (see CODE NAPOLEON). Napoleon also centralized France's government by appointing prefects to administer regions called departments, into which France was divided. The Napoleonic Empire French Aggression. Napoleon was not content simply to govern France. His thoughts soon turned to conquest. At first, he sought to extend French influence in the Western Hemisphere. In 1800, Napoleon forced Spain to cede to France the Louisiana Territory in North America. But the army that he sent to take possession of the territory was destroyed in the French colony of Haiti by a slave revolt and by tropical disease. Frustrated, Napoleon abandoned his plans for the Western Hemisphere and turned his attention to Europe. By 1803, France had annexed the Piedmont region of northwestern Italy and Napoleon had become president of the Italian Republic, which bordered Piedmont on the east. Also, fearful of Britain's naval power, Napoleon had tried to stop British trade with the rest of Europe. He anticipated war with Britain and in 1803 sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States to raise money for the war. War with Britain began later that year. Crowned Emperor. In 1802, the French people had overwhelmingly approved a constitutional amendment that made Napoleon first consul for life. In May 1804, the French Senate and people voted him their emperor. Napoleon crowned himself emperor on December 2 in ceremonies at the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris. Dominates Europe. By 1805, Austria, Russia, and Sweden had joined Britain in a new coalition against France. In September 1805, Napoleon led his troops into Germany. In October, he captured an Austrian army at Ulm. In December, he demolished the Austrian and Russian armies at Austerlitz. But earlier that year Lord Nelson had destroyed the fleets of France and Spain, France's ally, near Trafalgar, a cape on Spain's southern coast. This victory gave Britain control of the seas and ended any chance of Napoleon's invading Britain. In 1806, Prussia joined Russia in mounting a new campaign against France. In October, Napoleon's forces overwhelmed the Prussian army at Jena and at nearby Auerstedt. In June 1807, Napoleon demolished Russian armies at Friedland. In 1809, he defeated the Austrians again at Wagram, near Vienna. After each victory, Napoleon enlarged his empire. In 1806, he set up the Confederation of the Rhine, made up of a number of western German states, and placed it under his protection. He also carved provinces of Germany and Italy into principalities and dukedoms, and gave them to friends and relatives. In 1806, he made his brother Joseph king of Naples, and his brother Louis king of Holland. In 1807, Napoleon made his brother Jerome king of Westphalia and added to France the Grand Duchy of Warsaw. In 1809, he gave his sister Elisa the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and annexed to France the Illyrian Provinces, which covered much of what are now Slovenia and Croatia. In 1810, he brought his empire to its height by annexing Holland and much of Germany. Divorce and Remarriage. By 1809, Napoleon had grown concerned about what would become of his vast empire after his death. Josephine, who was now 46 years old, had no children by him, and Napoleon had no heirs. In December, he divorced Josephine to marry a younger woman. In April 1810, he married the 18-year-old Archduchess Marie Louise, daughter of Emperor Francis I of Austria. In 1811, the couple had a son, also named Napoleon, who was given the title king of Rome. Fall From Power In 1806, Napoleon had issued the Berlin Decree, which barred British ships from ports under French control. The decree was aimed at destroying British trade with continental Europe. In 1807, Napoleon issued the Milan Decree, which was intended to prevent the ships of neutral nations from carrying British goods to continental Europe. Such ships were attacked by French vessels. The system established by the Berlin and Milan decrees for blocking British trade was known as the Continental System. Portugal, which had long been friendly with Great Britain, refused to follow the Berlin Decree. In 1807, the French gained control of Portugal and occupied parts of Spain. In 1808, French forces under Marshal Joachim Murat seized control of Madrid, Spain's capital. Napoleon removed King Ferdinand VII from the Spanish throne and appointed his brother Joseph king of Spain. Murat took Joseph's place as king of Naples. The Peninsular War began in 1808 when Spanish and Portuguese forces rebelled against French rule. Soon after the war began, British troops joined the fight against France on the peninsula that consisted of Portugal and Spain. By April 1814, all French forces had been driven from the peninsula. Tens of thousands of French soldiers died in the war, and the loss of Spain and Portugal greatly damaged Napoleon's prestige. Disaster in Russia. On Dec. 31, 1810, Czar Alexander I of Russia withdrew from the Continental System. Napoleon felt that the czar's withdrawal threatened France, and so he assembled a new army to attack Russia. Many years of war had weakened France, but Napoleon raised about 600,000 men. His allies and subject nations furnished by conscription many of these soldiers. The Russian army had about 200,000 men. In June 1812, Napoleon's army crossed the Neman River into Russia. The Russians retreated, denying Napoleon a decisive battle. In September, Napoleon fought the Russians at Borodino, near Moscow. The battle resulted in many casualties on both sides, but produced no clear winner. Again, the Russians withdrew. Napoleon pushed on to Moscow only to find the city nearly empty of people. Soon after the French army entered Moscow, large parts of the city were destroyed by fires that had been set by the retreating Russians. With the bitter Russian winter approaching, Napoleon waited in Moscow for Alexander to offer peace, but no such offer came. In mid-October, Napoleon, unable to supply his troops, began the long retreat from Moscow. His soldiers struggled against snowstorms and freezing temperatures. Soldiers and horses died of starvation and exposure. Russian soldiers called Cossacks killed many of the stragglers. Of the 600,000 men in Napoleon's army, about 500,000 died, deserted, or were captured during the campaign and the retreat from Russia. After he returned to Paris, Napoleon admitted the disaster in his famous 29th Bulletin. The French continued to support him, but news of the devastating campaign encouraged his enemies throughout Europe. The Enemy Alliance. After his return from Moscow, Napoleon faced a hostile alliance of Austria, Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Sweden. In April 1813, Napoleon arrived in Germany with a new army and took the offensive against the allies. He won initial victories at Lutzen, Bautzen, and Dresden, but his forces were vastly outnumbered. In October, the two sides fought at Leipzig in the Battle of the Nations. In the battle, Napoleon was defeated, and he retreated into France. The allies pursued him and captured Paris in March 1814. Exile to Elba. At Fontainebleau on April 11, 1814, Napoleon abdicated (gave up) the imperial throne. The allies called for the return of a king of the Bourbon family and placed Louis XVIII, the brother of Louis XVI, on the French throne (see LOUIS XVIII). Napoleon was exiled from France and made ruler of the tiny island of Elba off the northwest coast of Italy. His wife and son were sent to his wife's father, the emperor of Austria. Napoleon never saw his wife or son again. On Elba, Napoleon planned his return to France. In February 1815, he sailed from the island with about 1,100 followers who had shared his exile. He landed at Cannes on March 1 and began marching to Paris, gathering supporters along the way. Troops led by Marshal Michel Ney were dispatched from Paris to arrest Napoleon. But when they saw their old leader, the men gladly joined him and hailed him as their emperor. Louis XVIII fled Paris as Napoleon approached. On March 20, Napoleon entered Paris and was carried on the shoulders of cheering crowds into the Tuileries. The Hundred Days and Waterloo. Napoleon immediately proclaimed a new constitution that limited his powers. He promised the allies that he would not make war. But the allied leaders considered Napoleon an "enemy and disturber of the peace of the world." Once again, both sides prepared for battle. Napoleon advanced into Belgium with about 125,000 men, hoping to defeat the separate armies of Britain's Duke of Wellington and the Prussian Marshal Gebhard von Blucher. On June 16, Napoleon defeated Blucher at Ligny, near Fleurus. On June 18, Napoleon attacked Wellington at Waterloo in what has become one of history's most famous battles. The battle featured spectacular charges by thousands of French cavalry. But just as it seemed the British forces would collapse, Blucher's troops arrived to reinforce Wellington. Badly outnumbered, the French army suffered a crushing defeat. Napoleon fled to Paris and abdicated for the second time, on June 22. The period from Napoleon's return to Paris from Elba to his second abdication is known as the Hundred Days. Napoleon tried to escape to the United States, but he failed and surrendered at Rochefort to Frederick Lewis Maitland, the captain of the British battleship Bellerophon. In August, Napoleon was sent to the barren British island of St. Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean. On St. Helena, Napoleon spent much of his remaining years dictating to friends his version of the events that occurred during his lifetime. He died of cancer on May 5, 1821, and was buried on the island. In his will, Napoleon had asked to be buried "on the banks of the Seine, among the French people I have loved so much." In 1840, the British and French governments cooperated in bringing his remains to Paris. There, at the Eglise du Dome (Church of the Dome), which is part of the Hotel des Invalides (Home for Disabled Soldiers), the body of Napoleon was laid to rest. Napoleon's Place in History Napoleon is both a historical figure and a legend--and it is sometimes difficult to separate the two. The events of his life have fired the imaginations of great writers, filmmakers, and playwrights whose works have done much to create the Napoleonic legend. Napoleon was one of the greatest military commanders in history. But he has also been portrayed as a power-hungry conqueror. Napoleon denied being such a conqueror. He argued that, instead, he had attempted to build a federation of free peoples in a Europe united under a liberal government. But if this was his goal, there is no doubt that he intended to achieve it by concentrating power in his own hands. However, in the states he created, Napoleon granted constitutions, introduced law codes, abolished feudalism, created efficient governments, and fostered education, science, literature, and the arts. General Notes (Wife) 1 UPDA 2 DATE 1814 2 PLAC Acceded: MARIE LOUISE (1791-1847) was the second wife of Napoleon Bonaparte and the daughter of Emperor Francis I of Austria. She married Napoleon in 1810 after his divorce from Josephine. Napoleon and Marie Louise had a son in 1811 who became known as Napoleon II. Marie Louise was not permitted to go with Napoleon when he was exiled. She and her son lived at Schonbrunn, near Vienna. She received the Italian duchies of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla in 1816, and governed them until her death. Marie Louise was married twice after the death of Napoleon. She was born in Vienna, Austria. General Notes for Child Napoleon 11 Francis Bonaparte Duke 1 UPDA 2 PLAC King of Rome Emperor of France NAPOLEON II (1811-1832), Duke of Reichstadt, pronounced RYKE shtaht, was the son of Emperor Napoleon I of France and his second wife, Marie Louise of Austria. Napoleon I had long hoped for a son to inherit his empire, and he gave his newborn son the title of king of Rome. When Napoleon I was overthrown in 1814, he gave up the throne in favor of his young son. But the French Senate did not recognize Napoleon II as emperor, and Louis XVIII, a member of the Bourbon royal family, became king of France that year. Marie Louise then took her son to live at the court of her father, Emperor Francis I of Austria. After Napoleon I was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, he again proclaimed his son emperor of France. However, the French refused to give the young boy the throne, and he remained in Austria. His mother's family gave him the title of Duke of Reichstadt in 1818. Napoleon II was never strong, and he grew into a tall, slender youth. He died of tuberculosis at the age of 21 and was buried in the Habsburg (or Hapsburg) family's church tomb in Vienna. In 1940, Adolf Hitler, dictator of Germany, had the body placed near that of Napoleon I in the Eglise du Dome (Church of the Dome) at the Hotel des Invalides (Home for Disabled Soldiers) in Paris. Napoleon II was born in Paris. Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte Husband Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte ¹ ² Born: 9 Jul 1822 Christened: Died: Buried: Father: Jerôme (Hieronymus) Bonaparte (1784-1860) ¹ ² Mother: Friederike Katharine Sophie Dorothea Westphalia (1783-1835) ¹ ² ⁴ Marriage: Wife Born: Christened: Died: Buried: Paul Bonaparte Husband Paul Bonaparte ¹ Born: 1808 Christened: Died: 5 Dec 1827 Buried: Father: Lucien Bonaparte (1775-1840) ¹ Mother: Alexandrine Von Bleschamps (1778-1855) ¹ Marriage: Wife Born: Christened: Died: Buried: Emanuel Leclerc Von Ostin and Pauline Bonaparte Husband Emanuel Leclerc Von Ostin ¹ Born: 17 Mar 1772 Christened: Died: 2 Nov 1802 Buried: Marriage: Jan 1797 Wife Pauline Bonaparte ¹ Born: 20 Oct 1780 Christened: Died: 9 Jun 1825 Buried: Father: Carlo Bonaparte (1746-1785) ¹ Mother: Marie Letizia Ramolino (1750-1836) ¹ Other Spouse: Kamillo Borghese (1775-1832) ¹ - 6 Nov 1803 General Notes (Wife) 1 UPDA 2 DATE 1806 2 PLAC Acceded: Kamillo Borghese and Pauline Bonaparte Husband Kamillo Borghese ¹ Born: 19 Jul 1775 Christened: Died: 9 May 1832 Buried: Marriage: 6 Nov 1803 Wife Pauline Bonaparte ¹ Born: 20 Oct 1780 Christened: Died: 9 Jun 1825 Buried: Father: Carlo Bonaparte (1746-1785) ¹ Mother: Marie Letizia Ramolino (1750-1836) ¹ Other Spouse: Emanuel Leclerc Von Ostin (1772-1802) ¹ - Jan 1797 General Notes (Wife) 1 UPDA 2 DATE 1806 2 PLAC Acceded: Peter Napoleon Bonaparte and Justine Eleonore Ruflin Husband Peter Napoleon Bonaparte ¹ Born: 11 Oct 1815 Christened: Died: 7 Apr 1881 Buried: Father: Lucien Bonaparte (1775-1840) ¹ Mother: Alexandrine Von Bleschamps (1778-1855) ¹ Marriage: 2 Oct 1867 Wife Justine Eleonore Ruflin ¹ Born: 1 Jul 1832 Christened: Died: 13 Oct 1905 Buried: Children 1 M Prince Roland Bonaparte ¹ ³ ⁴ AKA: Roland Prince Of Bonaparte Born: 19 May 1858 Christened: Died: 14 Apr 1924 Buried: Spouse: Marie Blanc (1859-1882) ¹ Marr: 6 Nov 1880 2 F Johanna Bonaparte ¹ Born: 25 Sep 1861 Christened: Died: 21 Jul 1910 Buried: Spouse: Christian Von Villeneuve Marquis (1852- ) ¹ Marr: 22 Mar 1882 Alfred Guthrie Bonar Husband Alfred Guthrie Bonar (details suppressed for this person) Born: Christened: Died: Buried: Father: Thomson Bonar (1780-1828) ¹ Mother: Anastatia Jessey Guthrie ( - ) ¹ Marriage: Wife (details suppressed for this person) Born: Christened: Died: Buried: Anastatia Jessey Bonar Husband (details suppressed for this person) Born: Christened: Died: Buried: Marriage: Wife Anastatia Jessey Bonar (details suppressed for this person) Born: Christened: Died: Buried: Father: Thomson Bonar (1780-1828) ¹ Mother: Anastatia Jessey Guthrie ( - ) ¹ Andrew Bonar and Agnes Thomson Husband Andrew Bonar ¹ Born: 24 Jun 1708 Christened: Died: Buried: Father: John Bonar ( - ) ¹ Mother: Grizel Bennett ( - ) ¹ Marriage: Wife Agnes Thomson ¹ Born: Christened: Died: Buried: Father: John Thomson ( - ) ¹ Mother: Children 1 M Thomson Bonar ¹ Born: 1743 - Edinburgh Christened: Died: Buried: Spouse: Anne Thomson ( - ) ¹ General Notes (Husband) 1 UPDA 2 PLAC Banker in Edinburgh General Notes for Child Thomson Bonar 2nd son Charles W. Bonar Husband Charles W. Bonar Born: 1863 ⁶ Christened: Died: Buried: Father: Joseph A. Bonar (1835-1905) Mother: Ann M. Forgrave (Abt 1835-1905) ⁷ Marriage: Wife Born: Christened: Died: Buried: Samuel Dalve and Clara Belle Bonar Husband Samuel Dalve Born: Christened: Died: Buried: Marriage: Wife Clara Belle Bonar Born: Christened: Died: Buried: Father: Joseph A. Bonar (1835-1905) Mother: Ann M. Forgrave (Abt 1835-1905) ⁷ General Notes (Wife) [bobspu.ged] m1. Unknown Howe m2. Samuel Dalve Emily Anne Bonar Husband Born: Christened: Died: Buried: Marriage: Wife Emily Anne Bonar (details suppressed for this person) Born: Christened: Died: Buried: Father: Thomson Bonar (1780-1828) ¹ Mother: Anastatia Jessey Guthrie ( - ) ¹ Ernest Augustus Bonar and Rosalie Julie Henriette De Wullerstorff Husband Ernest Augustus Bonar ¹ Born: 1808 - Vienna Christened: Died: Buried: Father: Thomson Bonar (1780-1828) ¹ Mother: Anastatia Jessey Guthrie ( - ) ¹ Marriage: Wife Rosalie Julie Henriette De Wullerstorff (details suppressed for this person) Born: Christened: Died: Buried: Father: Charles Leopold De Wullerstorff & Urbair Mother: George Douglas Bonar Husband George Douglas Bonar (details suppressed for this person) Born: Christened: Died: Buried: Father: Thomson Bonar (1780-1828) ¹ Mother: Anastatia Jessey Guthrie ( - ) ¹ Marriage: Wife (details suppressed for this person) Born: Christened: Died: Buried: I M Or I J (Ida?) Bonar Husband (details suppressed for this person) Born: Christened: Died: Buried: Marriage: Wife I M Or I J (Ida?) Bonar Born: Christened: Died: Buried: Father: Joseph A. Bonar (1835-1905) Mother: Ann M. Forgrave (Abt 1835-1905) ⁷ James Graham and Janet Bonar Husband James Graham ¹ Born: Christened: Died: Buried: Father: John Graham ( -1545) ¹ Mother: Marriage: 1571 ⁸ Wife Janet Bonar ¹ Born: Christened: Died: Buried: Children 1 M Ninian Graham ¹ Born: Christened: Died: Buried: Spouse: Elizabeth Oliphant ( - ) ¹ ² Marr: 1606 ⁸ John Bonar Husband John Bonar (details suppressed for this person) Born: Christened: Died: Buried: Father: John Bonar ( - ) ¹ Mother: Grizel Bennett ( - ) ¹ Marriage: Wife (details suppressed for this person) Born: Christened: Died: Buried: John Bonar and Jean Reyd Husband John Bonar ¹ Born: Christened: Died: Buried: Father: John Bonar ( - ) ¹ Mother: Agnes Graham ( - ) ¹ Marriage: Wife Jean Reyd ¹ Born: Christened: Died: Buried: Children 1 M John Bonar ¹ Born: Christened: Died: Buried: Spouse: Grizel Bennett ( - ) ¹ Marr: 16 Dec 1693 General Notes (Husband) Sold the Kilgraston estate. General Notes for Child John Bonar 1 UPDA 2 PLAC Minister of Torpichen John Bonar and Agnes Graham Husband John Bonar ¹ Born: Christened: Died: Buried: Marriage: 23 Aug 1634 Wife Agnes Graham ¹ Born: Christened: Died: Buried: Father: Lawrence Graham ( -1632) ¹ Mother: Elizabeth Riddock ( - ) ¹ Children 1 M John Bonar ¹ Born: Christened: Died: Buried: Spouse: Jean Reyd ( - ) ¹ General Notes for Child John Bonar Sold the Kilgraston estate. Sources 1 Peter Western, </pre><a href="http://www.genealogydatabase.co.uk/tngsoonad.html">http://www.genealogydatabase.co.uk/tngsoonad.html</a><pre>. 2 Edward III Decendents. 3 ROYAL92.GED Gedcom file. 4 June Ferguson Unknown, June Ferguson's Royalty GED. 5 royalfam.ged. 6 Janice Prunty Jun 1996. 7 The Spurgeons of Northeast Missouri, by Mary S Rogers(Mary Elizabeth Spu.),p.29. 8 No Title Given. If you want me to let you know when I change the website, please signup here (no more then once a quarter!)

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