Peggy Brisky
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Wife Peggy Brisky (details suppressed for this person)
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Mother: Jackie Ripkin
Polly Brisky
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Born: Abt 1791
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Father: William Nicholas Brisky (Bef 1765- ) 1
Mother: Susan Elizabeth Merck (Abt 1767- ) 1
Rosalie Brisky
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Mother: Frances Majorie Peacock
Royal Alden Brisky
Husband Royal Alden Brisky (details suppressed for this person)
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Mother: Winnie Mae Craig (1902-1918) 1
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Sara Brisky
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Sarah Brisky
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Wife Sarah Brisky (details suppressed for this person)
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Mother: Kim Jonason
Frank Drake and Sidney Lee Brisky
Husband Frank Drake (details suppressed for this person)
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Wife Sidney Lee Brisky 1
Born: Abt 1867 - Milltown, Chambers, AL
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Father: Marion Briskey (1836-1906) 1
Mother: Julia McIntosh (Abt 1838- ) 1
Frank Ludwig Fromm and Susan Jane Brisky
Husband Frank Ludwig Fromm 1
Born: 10 Aug 1886
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Died: 8 Nov 1983
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Wife Susan Jane Brisky 1
Born: 25 Dec 1887
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Died: 2 Feb 1969
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Father: George Washington Briskey (1852- ) 1
Mother: Mary Eliza Beard (1856-1911) 1
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1 M James Fromm (details suppressed for this person)
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Thomas Staple Brisky
Husband Thomas Staple Brisky 1
Born: Abt 1882
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Father: John Nicholas Briskey (1832-1907) 1
Mother: Josephine Elizabeth Christian (Abt 1834- ) 1
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Timonthy Brisky Adopted
Husband Timonthy Brisky Adopted (details suppressed for this person)
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Father: Larry D. Brisky
Mother: Beverly Worthington
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Harold R. Ramm and Vivian G. Brisky
Husband Harold R. Ramm 1
Born: 6 Aug 1917
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Died: 25 Sep 1990 - Wenatchee, WA
Buried: - Cashmere, WA
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Wife Vivian G. Brisky (details suppressed for this person)
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Father: Guy Holloway Briskey (1897-1947) 1
Mother: Aurellia May Elizabeth Templin (1903-1990) 1
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1 M Richard E. Ramm 1
Born: 4 Jan 1943 - Mason City, Grand Coolie, WA
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2 F Marilyn L. Ramm (details suppressed for this person)
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Wayne E. Brisky and Jackie Ripkin
Husband Wayne E. Brisky (details suppressed for this person)
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Father: William D. Brisky
Mother: Phyllis Tuttle
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Other Spouse: Melody Gildersleeve
Wife Jackie Ripkin (details suppressed for this person)
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1 F Jennefer Brisky (details suppressed for this person)
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2 F Peggy Brisky (details suppressed for this person)
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3 M Clint Brisky (details suppressed for this person)
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Wayne E. Brisky and Sharon O'donnel
Husband Wayne E. Brisky (details suppressed for this person)
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Father: William D. Brisky
Mother: Phyllis Tuttle
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Other Spouse: Melody Gildersleeve
Wife Sharon O'donnel (details suppressed for this person)
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1 F Katherin Brisky (details suppressed for this person)
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Wayne E. Brisky and Melody Gildersleeve
Husband Wayne E. Brisky (details suppressed for this person)
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Father: William D. Brisky
Mother: Phyllis Tuttle
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Other Spouse: Sharon O'donnel
Wife Melody Gildersleeve (details suppressed for this person)
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1 F Sara Brisky (details suppressed for this person)
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2 F Marybeth Rose Brisky (details suppressed for this person)
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William Achilles Brisky and Olive McDermot
Husband William Achilles Brisky 1
Born: 21 Nov 1900
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Died: 21 Oct 1933
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Father: William Nicholas Brisky (1867-1939) 1
Mother: Florence N. Eubank (1869-1934) 1
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Wife Olive McDermot (details suppressed for this person)
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1 M William John Briskey (details suppressed for this person)
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William D. Brisky and Phyllis Tuttle
Husband William D. Brisky (details suppressed for this person)
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Father: Guy Holloway Briskey (1897-1947) 1
Mother: Aurellia May Elizabeth Templin (1903-1990) 1
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Wife Phyllis Tuttle (details suppressed for this person)
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1 M Larry D. Brisky (details suppressed for this person)
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Spouse: Beverly Worthington (living)
Spouse: Martha Dirkes (living)
2 M Wayne E. Brisky (details suppressed for this person)
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Spouse: Jackie Ripkin (living)
Spouse: Sharon O'donnel (living)
Spouse: Melody Gildersleeve (living)
3 M Kenneth Brisky (details suppressed for this person)
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William Nicholas Brisky
Husband William Nicholas Brisky 1
Born: 5 Jan 1889
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Died: 3 Jan 1922
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Father: George Washington Briskey (1852- ) 1
Mother: Mary Eliza Beard (1856-1911) 1
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William Nicholas Brisky and Florence N. Eubank
Husband William Nicholas Brisky 1
Born: 30 May 1867 - Chambers, AL
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Died: 6 Oct 1939
Buried: - City, Independence, Jackson, MO
Father: Jasper Newton Briskey (1843-1928) 1
Mother: Ellen Eliza Towers (1844-1897) 1
Marriage: 30 Nov 1899
Wife Florence N. Eubank 1
Born: 2 Sep 1869 - KY
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Died: 6 Feb 1934
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1 M William Achilles Brisky 1
Born: 21 Nov 1900
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Died: 21 Oct 1933
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Spouse: Olive McDermot (living)
2 F Mary Ellen Brisky (details suppressed for this person)
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Spouse: Paul Campe Brown (1899-1941) 1
Marr: 1 Jan 1926
3 F Cora Carr Brisky 1
Born: 21 May 1904
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Died: 2 Nov 1963
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Spouse: Rickman Keith Guyton (living)
4 M Jasper Newton Eubank Brisky (details suppressed for this person)
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William Nicholas Brisky and Susan Elizabeth Merck
Husband William Nicholas Brisky 1
Born: Bef 1765 - France
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Marriage: May 1789
Wife Susan Elizabeth Merck 1
Born: Abt 1767 - SC
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Father: Johann Balthasar Merk (1718-1789) 1
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1 F Margaret Brisky 1
Born: Abt 1784 - SC
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2 F Kate Brisky 1
Born: Abt 1787
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Spouse: Raeegen Kellis ( - ) 1
3 F Polly Brisky 1
Born: Abt 1791
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4 M John Brisky 1
Born: Abt 1794 - SC
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Spouse: Christina Ackerman (Abt 1802- ) 1
Marr: 1823 - Edgefield, SC
5 F Elizabeth Brisky 1
Born: Abt 1801
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6 M Nicholas Brisky 1
Born: 1810 - Edgefield, SC
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Died: 13 Nov 1865 - Milltown, Chambers, AL
Buried: - Bowling-Brisky, Milltown, Chambers, AL
Spouse: Alletha Mary Meadows (1812-1883) 1
Marr: 10 Jan 1829 - Harris, GA
Yvonne Joyce Brisky
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Wife Yvonne Joyce Brisky 1
Born: 28 Dec 1917
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Died: 27 May 1996
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Father: David D. Brisky (1893-1958) 1
Mother: Mildred Beebe (1889- ) 1
Robert Pruitt and Jimmie Brisodine
Husband Robert Pruitt 1
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Father: Robert Lee Pruitt
Mother: Irene Brown
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Wife Jimmie Brisodine (details suppressed for this person)
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1 M Robert Evans Pruitt Jr (details suppressed for this person)
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Alfred Joe Lee Brison and Cora Claudine Nelson
Husband Alfred Joe Lee Brison (details suppressed for this person)
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Father: William Henderson Nelson (1886-1945) 2 3
Mother: Ethel Kizzie Parrott (1890-1954) 2 3
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1 M Daniel Lee Brison (details suppressed for this person)
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2 F Teri Jean Brison (details suppressed for this person)
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Spouse: Thomas Nelson Lawson (living)
3 M John Richard Brison (details suppressed for this person)
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Daniel Lee Brison Jr.
Husband Daniel Lee Brison Jr. 2 3
Born: 1985 2 3
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Father: Daniel Lee Brison
Mother: Karen Renee Clark
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Daniel Lee Brison and Karen Renee Clark
Husband Daniel Lee Brison (details suppressed for this person)
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Father: Alfred Joe Lee Brison
Mother: Cora Claudine Nelson
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Wife Karen Renee Clark (details suppressed for this person)
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1 F Noelle Renee Brison (details suppressed for this person)
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2 M Daniel Lee Brison Jr. 2 3
Born: 1985 2 3
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Died: 1985 2 3
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John Richard Brison and Holly Dawn Rhodes
Husband John Richard Brison (details suppressed for this person)
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Father: Alfred Joe Lee Brison
Mother: Cora Claudine Nelson
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Wife Holly Dawn Rhodes (details suppressed for this person)
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1 F Lauren Elise Brison (details suppressed for this person)
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Lauren Elise Brison
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Wife Lauren Elise Brison (details suppressed for this person)
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Father: John Richard Brison
Mother: Holly Dawn Rhodes
Elijah Thomas Pilgrim and Leila Brison
Husband Elijah Thomas Pilgrim 1
Born: Abt 1887 - GA
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Died: 1949
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Father: William Earl Pilgrim (1856-1914) 1
Mother: Mary O. Ellenburg (1866-1961) 1
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Wife Leila Brison 1
Born: 1892
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Died: 1951
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1 F Mary Lois Pilgrim 1
Born: 1911
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Died: 1985
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Spouse: James Andrew Dockery (living)
2 M William Pilgrim (details suppressed for this person)
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3 M Lewis Pilgrim (details suppressed for this person)
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4 F Mozell Pilgrim (details suppressed for this person)
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5 M Ralph Pilgrim (details suppressed for this person)
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6 F Katie Lou Pilgrim (details suppressed for this person)
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7 M Winfred Pilgrim (details suppressed for this person)
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8 F Estell Pilgrim 1
Born: 1909
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Died: 1954
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9 M Roy Thomas Pilgrim (details suppressed for this person)
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10 M James Pilgrim (details suppressed for this person)
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11 M Leo Pilgrim (details suppressed for this person)
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Noelle Renee Brison
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Wife Noelle Renee Brison (details suppressed for this person)
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Father: Daniel Lee Brison
Mother: Karen Renee Clark
Thomas Nelson Lawson and Teri Jean Brison
Husband Thomas Nelson Lawson (details suppressed for this person)
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Wife Teri Jean Brison (details suppressed for this person)
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Father: Alfred Joe Lee Brison
Mother: Cora Claudine Nelson
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1 M Thomas Nelson Lawson Jr. (details suppressed for this person)
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2 M Tyler Smith Lawson (details suppressed for this person)
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Thomas Hatche and Joan Brissenden
Husband Thomas Hatche 4
Born: 13 Apr 1535 - Sellings, Kent County, England
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Died: 13 Oct 1568 - Sellings, Kent County, England
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Father: John Hatche (1495-Bef 1536) 4
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Marriage: 1552 - Sellings, Kent County, England
Wife Joan Brissenden 4
Born: 1528 - Tenterden, Kent County, England
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Died: After 1574
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Father: Richard Brissenden (Abt 1500- ) 4
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1 F Winnifred Hatch 4
Born: 1552 - Tenterden, Kent County, England
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Died: 6 Oct 1592 - Tenterden, Kent County, England
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Spouse: Stephen Huckstepp (1554-1633) 4
Marr: 14 Feb 1584 - St Mildred's, Tenterden, Kent County, England
2 F Katherine Hatche 4
Born: 1557 - Sellings, Kent County, England
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Died: 1628 - Tenterden, Kent County, England
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3 F Eleanor Hatche 4
Born: 1559 - Sellings, Kent County, England
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Died: 1628 - Sellings, Kent County, England
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4 F Elizabeth Hatche 4
Born: Abt 1561 - Sellings, Kent County, England
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Died: 1574 - Sellings, Kent County, England
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5 M Walter Hatche 4
Born: Abt 1562 - Sellings, Kent County, England
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6 M William Hatche 4
Born: 9 Dec 1563 - Tenderden, Kent County, England
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Died: 13 Feb 1628 - Tenterden, Kent County, England
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Spouse: Anne Tilden (1570-1630) 4
Marr: 26 Jul 1587 - St Mildred's Church, Tenterden, Kent County, England
7 M Thomas Hatche 4
Born: 30 Jun 1565 - Tenterden, Kent County, England
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Died: 27 Dec 1611 - Tenterden, Kent County, England
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General Notes for Child Winnifred Hatch
Winnifred Hatche bn ca 1553, Kent, Eng. Her body int e r r e d 6 Oct 1592, Tenterden, Kent, Eng.; Md #1Richard W il l i s 1 8 Ju n e 1576, Tenterden, Kent, ENG. Richard Wil li s d ie dc a 1580, Kent, ENG. Md #2 14 Feb 1584/5 , Te nt erd en , Ken t , ENG. StephenHuckstep bn ca 1548, Tenterden , Ke nt , ENG s o n of Lawrence Hu ckste p &Jone Pope. Hi s bod y wa s interr e 2 0 June 1633, Tenterden, Kent, ENG . The pa ris h record o f Ten terden says"Stphe Huckstep p a v e ri e Aunc ient man wa s buri ed the 20 June 1633. T hismight re fer t o Stephen, so n of Tho mas. T h e will o f his brothe r Joh n in1624 makes c lear tha t Stephen, so n of Lawrenc e is par ent of L yd ia. C hildren : of Richar d Wills & Win ifred Hat che 1. Jone Will s chr. 2 3 June 15 77, Tenterden , Kent, Eng . 2. Anne Wills b n ca 1578 . 3 . Susan Wills ch r. 15 Feb 15 79/80, Tenterden , Kent, EN G . 4. John Wills c hr. 23 July 1 582. His bod wa s interre d 1 4 Nov 1882, Tent erden, Kent, E NG.
Children: of Stehen Huckstep & Winnifred Hatche
5. Thomas Huckstep bn 22 Nov 1584, Tenderden, Kent , E N G ; m d 28 March1611, Tenterden, Kent, ENG to Mary Re ev e b n c a 15 90, Kent, ENG. NEHGR reports Thomas Huckste p c hris teni ng a s Stephen's son before the marriage to W Inif red W ills , th e will of John Hatche calls Thomas Huc kstep the el des t son o f his sister WInifred. "The Huckst ep Fam ily", c ompi led byLa rry A. James, says he was th e fathe r of two i mmigr atnts t o Virginia, Walter &Samue l Huckste p.
6. John Huckstep chr. 22 May 1586, Tenterden, Kent , E N G . H is body wasinterred 15 Oct 1630 , T enderden, K ent , E NG . Jo hn's estate was probated2 Dec 1631, Archdea co n Cour t , Cante rbury , Ken t, ENG. Extracts from willa t C onsisto r y of Cant erbury, Vol 49 Folio 248.
Problems with the dates reported at his death. NEHG R g i v e s the year 1630for the cited pari s h register en tr y o f b ur ial, "John Hucstepp 15 Oct1630". However hi s wil l i s wri tte n with t h e date 6 Nov 6 Charles". The reig n of C harle s beg an 27 March 1625, so the will dat e wo u l d b e 6 Nov16 30. NE HGR reports a codicil added " 15 A u g 1631" and state s that t hewill was pr ove d 2 De c 163 1 . The dates given fo r the wil l are consistentwith in the ms elves; it appears t h a t the bu rial date must b e viewe d w ithsuspicion.gland i n 1263, Edwar d had return ed to h i s f ather's side andbecam e de Montfort' s greate st enemy . Afte r winning the battle o f Lewes in 126 4 (af ter whic h Edwar d became a hostage to en sure his fath e r abidedb y the term s of the p eace), de Mont fort summo ned t he Gre at Parliame nt in1265 - this was the f irst ti me citie s a n d burghs se nt representatives tothe pa rlia ment. (Hist o rians differ a s to whether de Montfor t w a s anenlighten ed l iberal refor mer or an unscrupulous op port unist usin g anymea ns to adva n ce himself.)
In May 1265, Edward escaped from tight supervision w h i l s t hunting. On 4August, Edward and h is allies outma no eu vr e d de Montfort in a savagebattle at Evesham; de M ont for t p re dicted hi s own defeat and death 'letus comm en d ou r soul s t o God, because our bodies are theirs .. . t h ey a reappro achi ng wisely, they learned this from m e. ' With th e endin g of t hecivil war, Edwa rd worked har d a t social a nd polit ical re conciliationbetween his fat he r and the reb els, a n d by 126 7 the realm had beenpaci fie d.
In April 1270 Parliament agreed an unprecedented l e v y o f o ne-twentiethof every citizen's go ods and posse ss io ns t o fi nance Edward's Crusade tothe Holy Lands. Ed war d l eft E nglan d in Aug ust 1270 to join the highlyres pect ed F renc h king L ouis IX on Crusade. At a time whe n pope s w er eusin g the cru sading ideal to further thei r own po litica l end s in Italyan d elsewhere, Edw ard an d King Lou is wer e the l ast crusader s in themedieval tra dition of a iming t o recove r th e Holy L ands. Louis die d ofthe plagu e in Tun is befor e Edward's arri val, and th e French forc e s werebo ught of f from pursuing th eir cam paign. Edwar d decided t o continue regardless: 'by t h e b lood of God , though all m y fellow so ldiers andcountrym e n desert me , I will enter A cre .. . an d I will keep my w or d andmy o ath to the death'.
Edward arrived in Acre in May 1271 with 1,000 knigh t s ; h i s Crusade wasto prove an anticlima x. Edward's sm a l l for c e limited him to the reliefof Acre and a handf u l o f raid s , and divisio ns amongst the internationalfo rc e o f Christ ia n Crusaders led to Edward's compromise t ruc e w i th theBa iba rs. In June 1272, Edward survive d a murd er a ttempt by a n As sassin(an order of Sh i'it e Muslims ) and l eft for Sici ly la ter in the year. Hewa s never t o return o n Crusade.
Meanwhile, Henry III died on 16 November 1272. Edwar d s u c c eeded to thethrone without opposi tion - given hi s tr a c k re cord in military abilityand his proven determ inati o n t o giv e peac e to the country, enhanced byhis m agnifi e d exp loit s on Crusade. In Edward's absence, a pr ocl ama ti onin h is na me delcared that he had succeeded b y heredi tar y right , an d thebarons swor e allegeiance t o him. Edw ar d finall y arriv ed in London inAugust 1274 a nd was crow ne d at Wes t minste r Abbey. Aged 35, he was a veteran warr io r ('the be st lanc e in all the world', acc ordin g tocon tem poraries) , a leade r with energy and vis ion, and wit h a fo rmidablete mper.
Edward was determined to enforce English kings' cl a i m s t o primacy in theBritish Isles. Th e first part o f h i s r eig n was dominated by Wales. Atthat time, Wale s cons is te d o f a number o f disunited small Welshprince doms; t h e Sou th W elsh princes were in uneasy alliance w ith th e Ma rche r lord s (feudal earldoms and baronies se t up by th e N orma n king s toprotect the Engli sh borde r against Wel sh r aids ) agains t the NorthernWelsh base d in the rocky w ild s of Gw ynedd , u nder the strong lead ershipof Llywely n a p Gruffyd , Prince o f Gwynedd. In 124 7, under the T re at y ofWoodstoc k, Llywely n had agreed t hat he held Nort h Wal es in fee t o theEnglis h king . B y 1272, Llywelyn ha d take n advantag e of the Engli sh civ ilwars to consolidat e his p osition , a nd the Peace o f M ontgomery (1267) hadc onfirme d his title a s Prince of Wa l es and recognise d hi s conque sts.
However, Llywelyn maintained that the rights of his pr i n c i pality were'entirely separate fro m the rights' o f En gl an d ; he did not attendEdward's coronation and ref use d t o d o ho mage. Fin ally, in 1277 Edwarddecided to f igh t Lly wely n 'a s a rebel and disturber of the peace' , an d quickl y def eate d him. War broke out again in 128 2 whe n Llywely n joine d his brother David in re bellion . Edward 's determi nation , milita ry experienceand skilfu l use o f ships broug ht fro m En glan d for deployment alo ng theNo rth Welsh coas t, drov e Llywely n back into the m ountain s of N orthWales . The dea th of Llyw elyn in a cha nce batt le in 1282 and th esubsequen t executio n o f hi s brother D avid effectively e nded attemp ts atWels h inde pendence.
Under the Statute of Wales of 1284, Wales was broug h t i n t o the Englishlegal framework and t he shire syst e m wa s ex te nded. In the same year, ason was born in Wal e s to E dwar d an d Queen E leanor (also named Edward,thi s f uture k ing w as pr oclaimed the first English Prince o f Wa le s in1 301) . The We lsh campaign had produced one o f th e larges t armie s everass embled by an En glish kin g - som e 15,00 0 infantr y (includin g 9,000Welsh and a Ga scon con tingent) ; the arm y w as a form idable combinatio n ofheav y Anglo-No rman caval ry and Welsh a rchers, whos e longbo w sk ills lai dthe founda tions of late r militar y victorie s in France su ch as that a tAgincourt . A s sym bols of hi s military stren gth and polit ical author ity,E dward spen t some 180,000 o n a ne twork o f castles an d l esser stron gholdsin North Wa les, employin g a work-for c e of up to 3 , 50 0 men drawn fr omall over Eng land. (So me ca stles, su ch as Conway and Cae rnarvon, remai n int h eir ruine d layo uts today, as example s of fortresse s i ntegrated withf ort ified towns.)
Edward's campaign in Wales was based on his determin a t i o n to ensurepeace and extend royal a uthority, an d i t h a d br oad support in England.Edward saw the need t o wi de n su ppor t among les ser landowners and themerchan ts an d t rader s o f the towns. The campaigns in Wales, Fr ance a n dS cotlan d le ft Edward deeply in debt, and the t axatio n requ ired t o meet those debts meant en rolling na tiona l suppor t for hi s polic ies.
To raise money, Edward summoned Parliament - up t o 1 2 8 6 h e summonedParliaments twice a year . (Parliamen t ca m e f ro m the 'parley' or talkswhich the King had wit h lar ge r gr oup s of advise rs.) In 1295, when moneywas n eede d t o wag e wa r against Philip of France (who had con fisca t e d thedu chy o f Gascony), Edward summoned the mos t comp re hensive as sembl y eversummoned in Eng land. Thi s becam e kn own as th e Mode l Parliament, for itrepresent ed vario us es tates: bar ons , c lergy, and knights andtow nspeople . By th e end of Ed ward's r eign, Parliament usua lly cont a inedrep resentative s of all t hese estates. Edw ard use d his roya l authority t o establis h the rights o f the Cro wn atthe ex pense of tradi t ional feu dal privil eges, to p romote the u niformadministr ation of jus tice , to raise in come t o mee t the costs of wa r andgovernm e nt, and to cod ify the lega l system. In doin g so, his m eth o dsemphasise d the role o f Parliament and th e commo n law. Wit h the ab le helpof hi s Chancello r, Rober t Bur nell, Bishop o f Bat h and Wells , Edwardintroduced muc h n ew legislation. H e b ega n by com missioning a thoroughs u rvey of local govern m ent (with th e results entered int o do cum entsknown as t he H undred Rol ls), which not onl y define d royal rights a ndposse ssions b ut als o reveale d administr ative abuses.
The First Statute of Westminster (1275) codified 51 ex i s t i ng laws - manyoriginating from Ma gna Carta - cover i n g ar ea s ranging from extortion byroyal officers, lawy e r s and b ail iffs, me thods of procedure in civil andcri mi na l case s to f reedom of elections. Edward's first Par li a me nt also enacte d legislation on wool, England's mos t i mport ant expo rt at t he time.At the re quest of the m erch ants , Edward wa s give n a customs grant onwool and h ide s whic h amounte d t o nearl y 110,000 a year. Edward a lsoo btaine d income fr om the licen ce fees imposed by th e St a tute o f Mortmain(12 79), under wh ich gifts of lan d to t he Churc h (often made t o evadedeat h d uties) ha d to hav e a roya l licence.
The Statutes of Gloucester (1278) and Quo Warranto ( 1 2 9 0 ) attempted todefine and regulate f eudal jurisdict io n s , wh ich were an obstacle toroyal authority and t o a un if or m sys tem of jus tice for all; the Statuteof W inchest e r (12 85) co dified the policing system for prese rving p u b licord er. Oth er statutes had a long-term effe ct on la nd l aw an d on thefe udal framework i n England . The Secon d Sta tute o f Westminst er (1285)restricted th e alienatio n of la nd an d kep t entail ed estates withinf amilies: ten ants wer e onl y tenants for li fe and not abl e to sell t h epropert y to ot hers. The Third S tatute o f Westminster o r Quia Emp tores(12 90) stopped subi n feud ation (in whic h tenants o f land belo nging to theKin g o r to barons subc ontracted th eir pr opert ies and relat e d feudalservices).
Edward's assertion that the King of Scotland owed fe u d a l a llegiance tohim, and the embitter ed Anglo-Scotti s h r el atio ns leading to war whichfollowed, were to over sh ado w th e res t of Edw ard's reign in what was tobecom e kn ow n as th e 'Gre at Cause'. Under a treaty of 1174, W ill i a m theLio n of Scot land had become the vassal to He nr y II , but in 11 89 Richar d Ihad absolve d William fro m hi s all egiance. Int ermarriag e between theEnglish an d Scott ish ro yal houses p r omoted pe ace between the two countrie s unti l the prematur e death of A lexander III i n 1286 . I n 1290, his granddaught er and heires s, Margare t the ' Maid of Norw ay' (daughter of the King o f N orway , she wa s pledged to b e married to Edwa rd's then onlys u rviving s on, Edward of C aerna rvon), als o died. For Edwa rd , thisd ynastic blow wa s made worse by th e death in th e sam e ye a r of hismuch-lo ved wife Eleanor (h er body wa s ceremon i ally carried fro m Lincolnto Westmins t er fo r burial, a n d a memorial cros s erected at every on e oft he twelve re stin g places, inclu d ing what became kno w n as Charing Cr ossin L ondon).
In the absence of an obvious heir to the Scottish th r o n e , the disunitedScottish magnates in vited Edward t o d et er mi ne the dispute. In order togain acceptance o f hi s aut hor it y in reachi ng a verdict, Edward soughtan d obt aine d reco gni tion from the rival claimants that h e had t h e's overeig n lo rdship of Scotland and the righ t to dete rmin e our seve ralpr etensions'. In Nov ember 12 92, Edwar d an d his 104 ass essor s gave thewhole kingdo m to John Ba llio l or Balio l a s the c laimant closest t o theroyal lin e; Ba lliol dul y swore loyalt y to Edward a nd was crown e d atSco ne.
John Balliol's position proved difficult. Edward ins i s t e d that Scotlandwas not independen t and he, as sove re i g n lo rd, had the right to hear inEngland appeals aga in s t Ba lliol 's judge ments in Scotland. In 1294,Ballio l lo s t auth orit y amongst Scottish magnates by going t o Wes t mi nsteraf ter r eceiving a summons from Edward; th e magn ate s decide d to see kallies in Franc e and conclud ed th e 'Aul d Allianc e' with F rance (then atwar with Eng land o ver th e duchy o f G ascony ) - an alliance which wa s toinf luenc e Scottish h istory fo r the next 300 years . In Mar c h 1296 , havingfaile d to negot iate a settlemen t, the En glish le d by Edward sac ked thecit y o f Berwic k near th e River Twe ed. Balliol form ally renoun ced hish omage to E dward in Apr il 1296 , speakin g of 'grievo us a nd intolera bleinjuries . .. for instance b y summonin g u s outside o u r realm ... a s yourown whim dict ated .. . and s o ... w e renounce the fe alty and homage whi c hw e have don e to y ou'. Pausing to de sign and start the r e building ofBer wic k as the financi a l capital of the coun t ry, Edward's fo r ces overranremain ing Scottish resistan ce . Scots leade r s we re taken hostag e, andEdinburgh Cas tle , amongst oth ers, wa s seized. Balli ol surrendere d h isreal m and spen t the res t of his life i n exile i n England and N ormandy.
Having humiliated Balliol, Edward's insensitive poli c i e s i n Scotlandcontinued: he appointe d a trio of Engl is hm e n t o run the country. Edwardhad the Stone of Sco n e - al s o know n as th e Stone of Destiny on whichScotti s h sovere ig ns ha d been crowned - removed to London an d su bsequentl y p lace d in the Coronation Chair in Westmi nste r Abbey (wh er e itrem ained until it wa s returned t o Scot land in 1996 ) . Edward n ever builtstone castles o n strate gic sites i n Sc otl and, a s he had done sosucces sfully i n Wales - pos sibl y because h e did not have th e funds f o ranother ambit iou s castle-build ing programme.
By 1297, Edward was facing the biggest crisis in his r e i g n , and hiscommitments outweighed h is resources. Chr on i c d eb ts were being incurredby wars against France, i n F la nder s , Gascon y and Wales as well asScotland; th e cler g y wer e re fusing to pay their share of the costs , wi tht h e Archb isho p of Canterbury threatening excommu nication ; P arliamen t was reluctant to cont ribute to Edw ard's exp ensi ve and un succes sful militarypolicies; th e Earls of H erefo rd and N o rfolk r efused to serve in Ga scony,and th e baron s present ed a forma l statement of th eir griev anc es. In t heend, Edw ard was for ced to reconf irm the Charte rs (inclu ding Magn a Carta)to ob t ain th e money he requir ed; the Ar chbishop w as eventuall y susp endedin 1306 by th e new Gasc o n Pope Cle ment V; a tru c e was declared withF rance in 12 97, followe d by a peace t re aty in 130 3 unde r which theFr ench king re stored th e duch y of Gascony t o Edward.
In Scotland, Edward pursued a series of campaigns fr o m 1 2 9 8 onwards.William Wallace had ris en in Balliol' s n am e a n d recovered most ofScotland, before being defe ate d b y Edw ar d at the b attle of Falkirk in1298. (Walla ce e scap ed, on l y to be captured in 1305 allegedly by th e tre acher y o f a fe llow Scot and taken to London, wher e he wa s exec uted .) In13 04, Edward summone d a full Par liamen t (whic h elect ed Scott ishrepresentatives also att ended) , in whic h arrang em ents f or the settlementof Sco tland w ere made . The new g overnmen t in Scotland feature d a Coun cil, whic h included R obert th e Bruce. Bruce une xpectedl y rebelle d in 1306by kil ling a fe llo w counsell or and wa s crowne d king of Scotlan d atScone . Despite hi s failin g health, E dward wa s carrie d north t o pursuean other cam paign, but h e died en route a t Burgh o n Sand s on 7 Ju l y 1307aged 68.
According to chroniclers, Edward requested that hi s b o n e s should becarried on Scottish camp aigns and tha t h i s he ar t be taken to the HolyLand. However, Edward w as b ur ied a t W estminste r Abbey in a plain blackmarbl e tomb , wh ich i n lat er years was painted with the word s Scotto r umm alleu s (Hamm er of the Scots) and Pactum se rva (Kee p troth ). Thr oughoutt he fourteenth an d fifteen th centur ies, th e Excheq uer pai d to keepcandles burnin g 'round th e body o f the Lo r d Edwar d, formerly King of England, o f famous me mory'..Di ct of Nat' l Biog, Eng Pu b A Vo l 6 p . 432,Vol 1 7 p. 14-48 ; Royal Dau s of Eng, E ng 12 0 Vol 1 p. 61, 172-2 09; Burke' s Peerage, En g P 194 9, pre f p. 254; The Complet e Peerage G EC Eng V, Vo l 5 p . 708-7 12, Vol 6 p. 469; Espo lin (GS #124 62 pt 1 p. 9 8 , 99). Ar chive Record - SLC, UT
